Marine Electro-Technology & Electrical Practice

(a) Describe the different types of cams used in marine main engines. Explain their functions and how the cam profile affects the operation of exhaust valves, fuel pumps, and starting air systems. (10)

(b) What is a negative cam? Explain its purpose, constructional features, and where it is typically used in main engine. (6)

With reference to health hazards from asbestos:

(a) state where asbestos may be found on board ship. (5)

(b) state the health risks from asbestos (6)

(c) outlines the precautions necessary to minimize exposure to asbestos during an emergency repair. (5)

Describe the procedure for replacing a Main Engine cylinder liner and explain using sketches where necessary, those parts, which require close attention during lifting of cylinder liner. Also describe the procedure for pressure testing the cooling water side of the Main Engine Cylinder head. (16)

(a) State the reason for fitting crosshead guides to engines and explain why 'ahead' and 'astern' faces are required with uni-directional engines. (5)

(b) Describe how crosshead guide clearance is checked and adjusted. (6)

(c) List reasons for limiting such crosshead clearance (5)

If soon after joining a motor ship, you found a number of holding down bolts slack and fretting to have occurred in the area of slack bolts describe how you would handle the situation? (16)

(a) During an inspection it is noticed that tie rods of certain main engine units have become slack, state with reasons the possible causes of this. (6)

(b) Explain how correct tension is restored and the risk of future slackness minimized. (5)

(c) A tie rod has fractured and cannot be replaced immediately, State with reasons the course of action to be adopted in order to allow the engine to be operated without further damage. (5)

With reference to fixed CO₂ system for fighting machinery space fires:

(a) sketch a CO₂ bottled system. (6)

(b) How the number of CO₂ bottles required for ship is calculated? (4)

(c) explain how the system sketched in part (a) is protected from overpressure (3)

(d) Describe the periodic maintenance required. (3)

(a) State what is meant by machinery condition monitoring (6)

(b) Describe how typical shipboard condition monitoring is carried out (5)

(c) State how the information obtained by monitoring may be used to indicate machinery condition trends. (5)

(a) Describe TWO methods of tracing a superficial crack in a marine machinery component. (8)

(b) Explain how propagation of a crack in a machinery component can be arrested (8)

Explain the thermodynamic cycle involved in the air conditioning system on board a ship, detailing the key components and their functions. Additionally, describe the unloading and loading mechanisms used in the system to maintain efficiency and manage varying cooling loads. (16)

With regard to the main turbine lubrication oil system:

(a) (i) Describe the effects of tin oxide corrosion (5)

(ii) Explain the actions to be taken if this occurs in a high-pressure turbine thrust bearing. (5)

(b) Discuss the factors that determine the various filtration sizes (6)

(a) What is the working principle of a plate type cooler on a ship, and what are its main components? How does it differ from other types of heat exchangers used on ships? (6)

(b) What materials are commonly used for the packing in plate type coolers on board ships, and how do these materials impact the efficiency and durability of the cooler? (5)

(c) Describe the process of back flushing a plate type cooler on a ship. Why is back flushing important, and what potential issues can it prevent or mitigate. (5)

Following a recent turbocharger (T/C) overhaul, it has been observed that the scavenge air pressure is lower than before, and the engine power output has also been reduced.

(a) State the possible causes of the problem with reasons. (5)

(b) State the engine operational information that should be gathered to detect the possible causes of the problem, along with reasons for each type of information. (5)

(c) State the instructions which should be issued with respect to future T/C overhauls in order to prevent similar incidents. (6)

Sketch and show all parts of two-stroke engine's Stuffing box. Describe the procedure of in place (Without removing piston) overhauling two stroke engine's Stuffing box. Your answer should include all safety precautions taken and proper tools used during overhaul of Stuffing box. (16)

(a) Describe how it is determined whether a crankshaft was twisted during a major "smash up" in a main engine. (4)

(b) Explain where twisting is most likely to occur. (4)

(c) Specify with reasons the degree of twisting that might be accommodated without correction. (4)

(d) Explain briefly what adjustments and precautions should be instituted when putting an engine with a twisted crankshaft back into service (4)

Describe how a jerk type of fuel pump is replaced, making specific reference to initial setting and governor connections. Explain how the actual and effective strokes are adjusted. Identify the common faults of these pumps. State how engine performance is affected by each of these faults and why prompt attention is necessary. (16)

(a) Compare the working principles and applications of the turbine used in cargo oil pumps with the turbine in a turbocharger on board a ship. How do the design and operational requirements differ between these two types of turbines? (8)

(b) What methods are employed to vary the speed of a cargo oil turbine on board a ship, and how do these methods ensure precise control of cargo operations? (4)

(c) What is the role of a vacuum condenser in the cargo system of an oil tanker, and how does it contribute to the efficiency and safety of cargo operations? (4)

Under Continuous survey of machinery (CSM) Cross head bearing of a large 2-stroke slow speed engine is due for survey.

(a) As second engineer, explain the procedure involved in complete inspection of a Cross head bearing. (8)

(b) List the precaution to be taken. (2)

(c) Indicate the reasons for possible defects which could be encountered and state how they may be rectified. (3)

(d) What test are carried out on completion of survey and re-assembly (3)

Explain your step-by-step action, stating the subsequent investigation you would undertake, if a laboratory report on a used diesel engine oil sample indicated the presence of appreciable amounts of: (16)

(a) Iron

(b) Copper, Antimony and Tin

(c) Silicon

(a) Comment on the reliability and maintenance requirements of the following:

(i) Pneumatic control equipment (4)

(ii) Electro-mechanical control equipment (4)

(iii) Electronic control equipment (4)

(b) Discuss the routine attention required and the defects, which may occur in service. (4)

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting the following policies for maintenance of main and auxiliary diesel engines. (16)

(a) Planned maintenance

(b) Condition monitoring

(c) Periodic replacement of components

It is detected that the refrigerating compressor on board your ship has not been properly aligned with the motor, after a major overhaul ashore, enumerate how the misalignment is detected and remedied. (16)

(a) Outline the procedure for the inspection of the rudder in a dry dock. (7)

(b) What are the requirement with respect to steering gear as per SOLAS 74, as amended for the following: (9)

(i) Relief valve

(ii) Steering gear control

(iii) Electrical power circuits.

(a) Describe the events leading to a crankcase explosion. (4)

(b) State how overheating might be indicated other than by a mist detector. (4)

(c) Discuss the procedure to follow in the invent of overheating being indicated. (4)

(d) State how severity of a crankcase explosion is limited. (4)

Under Continuous survey of machinery (CSM) bottom end bearing of a large 2-stroke slow speed engine is due for survey.

(a) As second engineer, explain the procedure involved in complete inspection of a bottom end bearing. (8)

(b) List the precaution to be taken. (2)

(c) Indicate the reasons for possible defects which could be encountered and state how they may be rectified. (3)

(d) What test are carried out on completion of survey and re-assembly (3)

With reference to auxiliary boiler safety valves:

(a) Describe how the valves are set to lift at the desired pressure under steam. (6)

(b) Describe the precautions to be taken to ensure that the valve cannot be tampered with, after setting is completed. (5)

(c) Briefly discuss Accumulation of pressure test. (5)

What is Rocking test of Deck Crane? Explain the procedure of rocking test. Tabulate and indicate fault finding procedure. What is the action taken if deviation is out of limit?

Describe the procedure to be undertaken when, upon a routine schedule for changing Exhaust Valve on a main engine, it is found that the exhaust valve body is seized inside the cylinder head and cannot be removed by conventional means and the internal threads in the exhaust valve body connecting to the exhaust bellows are damaged (16).

It is found that the tie rods are persistently becoming slack:

(a) State, with reasons, the possible causes (6).

(b) State, with reasons, the likely effects on the engine if it is allowed to operate with slack tie (5).

(c) Explain how this problem can be minimized (5)?

(a) Briefly explain the term metal fatigue and further explain how fatigue failure occurs (4).

(b) State the difference between high stress/low cycle and low stress/high cycle fatigue giving an example of each (4).

(c) State how defects in the metal can influence the expected safe life of a component (4).

(d) State how fuel injection timing and cylinder power balance can influence the possibility of fatigue cracks developing in the bedplate (4).

With reference to air receivers and bottles explain with reasons:

(a) Why regular systematic internal inspection is advisable (4)

(b) Which internal areas of large receivers should receive particularly close examination (4)

(c) How bottles are inspected internally and what parts should be closely examined (4)

(d) How the condition of a bottle or receiver that cannot be inspected internally is checked (4)

List the maintenance routines you plan to carry out on the deck hydraulic cranes, winches, and mooring machineries before arrival port after a long voyage, considering the fact that cargo operation is solely dependent on the proper functioning of the cranes and winches (16).

With reference to the crankshaft deflection of main engine crank shaft.

(a) State the ideal condition required before taking deflections (6).

(b) How is the accuracy of the reading taken are ensured? (6)

(c) What is the purpose of taking deflection and how is the readings taken interpreted? (4)

Describe the procedure for overhauling a boiler safety valve and explain using sketches where necessary those parts, which require close attention. Also describe the procedure setting of boiler safety valves (16).

Severe engine vibration has recently become evident when the main engine for which you are responsible operates within a certain speed range.

(a) State, with reasons, the possible causes of such vibration (6).

(b) State the consequences of operating the engine under such vibratory conditions (5).

(c) Describe the procedure you, as Second Engineer, would implement in order to investigate and rectify the problem (5).

With reference to the auxiliary engine big end bearing.

(a) State the various inspections done on the bearing shells, crank pin, serrations on the con-rod and bolts (6).

(b) How is the bearing assembled after inspection (4)?

(c) Describe the various checks carried out after assembling the bearing (6).

Suggest a procedure (in about 200 words) to the Chief Engineer, on how to properly ensure that the engine room overhead crane is maintained and operated correctly. What tests certificate are required for the overhead crane, and who is the issuing authority. (16)

(a) Describe the survey procedure of an oil lubricated stern bearing and shaft. (8)

(b) Explain how the integrity of the outboard seal of an oil lubricated stern tube may be proved before the dry-dock is flooded. (8)

Fatigue is one of the main causes of crankshaft failure.

(a) Indicate on a sketch the most likely location of a fatigue crack. (4)

(b) Explain how a fatigue failure is identified. (4)

(c) Describe how a fatigue crack may be initiated. (4)

(d) Describe, with the aid of sketches, the methods used to inhibit fatigue cracks. (4)

An auxiliary engine exhibits a tendency to hunt to such an extent that the engine speed variation prohibits the connection of the machine to the switchboard.

(a) Discuss the possible causes of hunting. (8)

(b) Explain how the problem of hunting can be rectified. (8)

For a fully automatic provisions refrigeration system incorporating a number of rooms: (16)

(a) Explain how each room temperature is set

(b) Describe the sequence of events following a demand for increased refrigerant flow from one room.

(c) State with reasons the devices incorporated into the system to protect the machinery and equipment against malfunction.

(d) State how satisfactory operation of the plant can be established?

One of the F.O. Storage tank in the engine room is due for survey by classification society.

Keeping in mind the safety of personnel, Enlist the procedure you will follow, to prepare the same for internal examination. (16)

With reference to starting air line systems: (16)

(a) List causes leading to starting air line explosion on a 2 stroke engine.

(b) List indications that will give warning of above.

(c) List action, precautions and maintenance required to prevent above.

Describe the Hull Inspection that you would carry out as the senior engineer of a ship in dry dock stating what defects you may find and the repairs that may be necessary with respect to: (16)

(a) Shell plating.

(b) Ford end of ship.

(c) Aft end of ship.

(d) Openings in shell plating.

(e) Rudder.

(f) Propeller and stern tube.

With reference to auxiliary boiler safety valves:

(a) Describe, with the aid of a sketch, the safety valves for an auxiliary boiler. (6)

(b) Identify, with reasons, the parts that require particularly close attention during overhaul; (5)

(c) Describe how the safety valves are reset after an overhaul. (5)

Describe the procedure to be undertaken by when, upon a routine schedule for changing Exhaust Valve on a main engine, it is found that the Exhaust valve body is seized inside the cylinder head and cannot be removed by conventional means and the internal threads in the exhaust valve body connecting to the exhaust bellows are damaged. (16)

It is found that the tie rods are persistently becoming slack.

(a) State, with reasons, the possible causes. (5)

(b) State, with reasons, the likely effects on the engine if it is allowed to operate with slack tie rods. (5)

(c) Explain how this problem can be minimized? (5)

(a) Briefly explain the term metal fatigue and further explain how fatigue failure occurs. (4)

(b) State the difference between high stress/low cycle and low stress/high cycle fatigue giving an example of each. (4)

(c) State how defects in the metal can influence the expected safe life of a component. (4)

(d) State how fuel injection timing and cylinder power balance can influence the possibility of fatigue cracks developing in the bedplate. (4)

With reference to air receivers and bottles explain with reasons:

(a) Why regular systematic internal inspection is advisable. (4)

(b) Which internal areas of large receivers should receive particularly close examination? (4)

(c) How bottles are inspected internally and what parts should be closely examined? (4)

(d) How the condition of a bottle or receiver that cannot be inspected internally is checked. (4)

List the maintenance routines you plan to carry out on the deck hydraulic cranes, winches, and mooring machineries before arrival port after a long voyage, considering the fact that cargo operation is solely dependent on the proper Functioning of the crane and winches. (16)

With reference to the crankshaft deflection of main engine crank shaft,

(a) State the ideal condition required before taking deflections. (6)

(b) How is the accuracy of the reading taken are ensured? (6)

(c) What is the purpose of taking deflection and how is the readings taken interpreted? (4)

Describe the procedure for overhauling a boiler safety valve and explain using sketches where necessary those parts, which require close attention. Also describe the procedure setting of boiler safety valves. (16)

The LT cooler of the centralized cooling water system on your ship is showing poor performance. What measures you would initiate to rectify the problem and improve the performance. (16)

With reference to the auxiliary engine big end bearing.

(a) State the various inspections done on the bearing shells, crank pin, serrations on the con-rod and bolts. (5)

(b) How is the bearing assembled after inspection? (4)

(c) Describe the various checks carried out after assembling the bearing. (6)

Describe the procedure to be undertaken for overhaul of an oil cooled Main Engine Piston detailing the OEM tools used for overhauling the piston. Also, describe the procedure for testing of the Main engine oil cooled Piston after overhaul. (16)

It is found that the Main engine cylinder head studs are breaking during voyage:

(a) State, with reasons, the possible causes. (6)

(b) State, with reasons and the likely effects on the engine if it is allowed to operate with broken studs. (5)

(c) Explain how this problem can be minimized? (5)

Describe the procedure for carrying out the rocking test of a deck electrohydraulic crane. Please explain how will you ensure that you get the correct readings and how do you interpret the readings obtained from this test for planning future overhauls of the crane. (16)

During the overhaul of medium-speed auxiliary diesel generator you find that the white metal of one of the bottom end bearings has cracked. Explain how you would fit a spare bearing and enumerate the various tests you would carry before putting the machine back into service. (16)

Under Continuous survey of machinery (CSM) the bottom end bearing of a large slow speed engine is due for survey.

(a) As Second Engineer, explain the procedure involved in complete inspection of a bottom end bearing. (8)

(b) List the precaution to be taken during inspection. (4)

(c) What tests are carried out on completion of survey and re-assembly. (4)

As a second engineer in a ocean going ship, what actions you will take if the specification of the bunkers received in the last port is substantially different than the old bunkers with respect to: (16)

(a) density

(b) Viscosity

(c) Cat fines

(d) Sulphur content

(e) Water content

With reference to a domestic refrigeration system:

(a) What are the indications of overcharge, undercharge and air ingress into the system? (8)

(b) How are the above abnormalities rectified? (8)

What is understood by risk on board ship? As a 2nd engineer discuss various methods for hazard identification and assessment of risk available on board. (16)

Sewage treatment plant is due for internal inspection. List in detail the procedure along with various parts to be included in the inspection and the safety precautions for carrying out the inspection of the STP. (16)

Describe how the following conditions are prevented in auxiliary boilers:

(a) Feed contamination by oil from heating coil drains;

(b) Internal corrosion;

(c) Furnace blowback;

(d) Uptake fire.

Write a report to your Engineer Superintendent describing a breakdown of the main refrigerating plant for cargo or ship's provision giving reasons for the breakdown, the method of repair and the action taken to prevent a recurrence.

With reference to Air-Conditioning Units onboard merchant vessels:

(a) With the aid of a simple sketch, explain the “trouble spots” in a basic air-conditioning unit.

(b) With reference to your sketch, explain the following:

(i) How the problem of increase in humidity of cooled air is overcome?

(ii) How discomfort caused by the excessive drying effect of heated air is overcome?

During the weighment of CO2 bottles required for total flooding of Engine room, it was observed that few bottles are less than the original capacity. State the reasons for the same and checks / tests to be made prior refilling. State how often the CO2 bottles are required to be weighed and pressure tested.

During the past four months since you joined the ship as Second Engineer a number of main engine exhaust valves have suffered cracking and corrosion at the seating faces. Write a report to the Superintendent Engineer covering the following points:

(a) An explanation detailing how the problem becomes evident.

(b) Your action upon recognizing the extent and seriousness of the problem.

(c) Your reasoned views regarding the possible causes of the problem.

(d) Your recommendations to avoid future incidents.

With reference to the main gearing and gearbox, state with reasons:

(a) Why the first examination after commissioning is of special importance.

(b) What parts would receive the closest scrutiny and what defects might possible be found.

(c) The gearing faults that are likely to develop early in the life of the vessel.

What is understood by risk on board ship? As a 2nd engineer discuss various methods for hazard identification and assessment of risk available on board.

With reference to electro-hydraulic steering gears:

(a) Sketch and describe a steering gear with two 50% torque units conforming to the single failure criteria.

(b) State, with reasons, the precautions necessary when operating on two rams only.

(c) Describe the tests necessary to ascertain that the gear will operate as required when one side of the circuit develops a malfunction.

(a) Briefly explain the term metal fatigue and further explain how fatigue failure occurs.

(b) State the difference between high stress/low cycle and low stress/high cycle fatigue giving an example of each.

(c) State how defects in the metal can influence the expected safe life of a component.

(d) State how fuel injection timing and cylinder power balance can influence the possibility of fatigue cracks developing in the bedplate.

With reference to Auxiliary boiler safety valves.

(a) Describe with the aid of Sketch the safety valve for an auxiliary boiler. (6)

(b) Identify with reasons. The parts that require particularly close attention during overhaul. (5)

(c) Describe how the safety valves are reset after an overhaul. (5)

Under Continuous survey of machinery (CSM) the bottom end bearing of a large slow speed engine is due for survey.

(a) As second engineer explain the procedure involved in complete inspection of a bottom end bearing. (6)

(b) List the precaution to be taken. (2)

(c) What test are carried out on completion of survey and re-assembly. (4)

(a) State the circumstances owing to which it may be necessary to renew a cylinder liner. (3)

(b) Explain how the liner is removed (5)

(c) Explain how the new liner is fitted.

State the important checks to be made before and after fitting. (5)

(a) Describe the procedure to be undertaken when, upon a routine schedule for changing fuel injector on a main engine, it is found that the injector body is seized and cannot be removed by conventional means. (16)

Explain how EACH of the following hull defects should be dealt with.

(a) A cracked weld.

(b) A severe indentation in way of a frame.

(c) Surfaces suffering from general corrosion although the extent of wastage does not warrant plate replacement.

(d) A bilge keel fractured at the forward end.

(a) With the aid of a simple sketch, explain the “trouble spots” in a basic air-conditioning unit and

(b) With reference to your sketch, explain the following:

(i) How the problem of increase in humidity of cooled air is overcome?

(ii) How discomfort caused by the excessive drying effect of heated air is overcome?

With respect to hydraulic Ram steering gears:

(a) What emergency locking device can be used in order to speedily bring the steering gear to rest? State one reason the best angular position to lock the steering gear. (4)

(b) Use a simple sketch to show where the “Jumping” (top) and wear down (bottom) rudder carrier ring clearances can be measured. Indicate what clearances you would expect with a new steering gear. (8)

(c) State the consequences of the wear down clearances being reduced to less than zero. (4)

Write short note on the followings:

(a) Metal - locking.

(b) TIG and MIG welding.

(c) Brazing.

(d) Soldering.

(a) With reference to the insulation testing of marine electrical plant:

(i) State the reason for insulation testing.

(ii) State the precautions to be observed when testing intrinsically safe equipment

(b) Describe the overhaul of a D.C. motor which has been subject to excessively damp condition or flooding with seawater.

With reference to reciprocating air compressors explain the cause of the following faults:

(a) Collapse of discharge valve springs.

(b) Breakage of plate valves.

(c) Overheating the discharge air with an unrestricted air intake.

(d) Inoperative piston rings.

Describe the procedure to be undertaken when, upon a routine schedule for changing fuel injectors on a main engine, it is found that the injector body is seized and cannot be removed by conventional means.

With the aid of a simple sketch, explain the "trouble spots" in a basic air conditioning unit and with reference to your sketch, explain the following:

(a) How the problem of increase in humidity of cooled air is overcome?

(b) How discomfort caused by the excessive drying effect of heated air is overcome?

The LT cooler of the centralized cooling water system on your ship is showing poor performance. What measures you would initiate to rectify the problem and improve the performance.

Explain why auxiliary engine bottom-end bolts are prone to failure, even under normal running conditions. Identify those features incorporated into the design of bottom-end bolts, to inhibit failure. Explain how this tendency is either aggravated or inhibited during maintenance and what checks are to be carried out.

Explain how EACH of the following hull defects should be dealt with:

(a) A cracked weld;

(b) A severe indentation in way of a frame;

(c) Surfaces suffering from general corrosion although the extent of wastage does not warrant plate replacement;

(d) A bilge keel fractured at the forward end.

With reference to the exhaust gas boiler of your ship explain the following:

(a) Composition and reasons of soot deposits.

(b) Various stages of soot fire leading to high temperature fire.

(c) Procedure to be followed for firefighting under different stages of soot fire.

(d) Actions required prior to dry running of an exhaust gas boiler.

If soon after joining a motor ship, you found a number of holding down bolts slack and fretting to have occurred in the area of slack bolts describe how you would handle the situation?

During the past four months since you joined the ship as Second Engineer, a number of main engine exhaust valves have suffered cracking and erosion at the seating faces. Write a report to the Superintendent Engineer covering the following points:

(a) An explanation detailing how the problem becomes evident.

(b) Your action upon recognizing the extent and seriousness of the problem.

(c) Your reasoned views regarding the possible causes of the problem.

(d) Your recommendations to avoid future incidents.

Discuss the validity of EACH of the following statements with respect to large slow speed diesel engines:

(a) Bearing clearances obtained by taking leads (or use of plastic inserts) are fundamentally more accurate than those obtained with the use of feelers.

(b) Bearing wear down can be measured by taking deflections.

(c) A timing chain should be renewed when its slackness causes late fuel injection and exhaust valve operation.

(d) Timing chain slackness is solely due to stretch of the link plates.

(a) Explain in detail how an in-water survey is carried out.

(b) State the requirements to be fulfilled before an in-water survey is acceptable to the survey authority.

(c) Construct a list of the items in order of importance that the underwater survey authority should include

With reference to main turbochargers:

(a) Give a reason why binding wire is frequently fitted near the top of the blades,

(b) Mention one fault that occasionally develops with binding wire in service,

(c) Define the cause and identification under running conditions of turbine blade damage,

(d) State how (c) can be largely avoided.

Comment on the reliability and maintenance requirements of two of the following:

(a) Pneumatic control equipment,

(b) Electro-mechanical control equipment,

(c) Electronic control equipment

Discuss the routine attention required and the defects, which may occur in service.

(a) Suggest four reasons why the temperature of the oil in the steering gear system may become excessive.

(b) With reference to steering gears explain how the ship may be steered in each of the following circumstances.

(i) Destruction by fire of the primary supply cable;

(ii) Destruction by fire of the telemotor lines.

(iii) Bearing failure in the running pump

(a) Describe the procedure for opening a bottom end bearing for inspection making reference to the positioning of the crank and the safety precautions to be observed.

(b) State how the bearing clearance may be checked and adjusted when necessary

(c) State the defects, which may be encountered during inspection of the bottom end bearing and crankpin giving possible causes of EACH.

(d) State the checks, which should be made before returning the engine to service following overhaul of the bottom end bearing.

Auxiliary boiler is periodically unattended and equipped with alarms to cover low water level, high steam pressure, and air and flame failure.

(a) State why and how fuel the burners are automatically cut off under alarm conditions of water level, steam pressure, air and flame failure.

(b) Describe how and when each of the above alarms is tested without endangering the boiler.

(a) Describe the inspection, which is required to be carried out in the dry-dock after the stern of a ship has heavily struck a dock wall.

(b) The propeller is found to be damaged, and it is decided to fit the spare propeller. Describe the process and mention the precautions to be taken to ensure correct assembly.

(a) State why onboard testing of fuel oil whilst taking bunkers can be advantageous.

(b) State how a representative fuel sample may be obtained during the bunkering operation.

(c) Explain how EACH of the following is formed during the combustion of fuel: -

(i) Oxides of Nitrogen, NOx (ii) Carbon Monoxide, CO (iii) Oxides of Sulphur, SOx

(d) State how the effects of sulphurous products of combustion on the engine system may be reduced

Explain in detail how you would isolate CO2 Fixed firefighting system for routine maintenance. Please enumerate the Maintenance schedules and their frequency performed on this system. Describe all tests and inspections you would make and how you would return the system to service.

Describe the procedure to be undertaken when, upon a routine schedule for changing Exhaust Valve on a main engine, it is found that the Exhaust valve body is seized inside the cylinder head and cannot be removed by conventional means and also the internal threads in the exhaust valve body connecting to the exhaust bellows are damaged.

Write short note on the following:

(a) Metal-locking

(b) TIG and MIG welding

(c) Brazing

(d) Soldering

With regard to keeping the gas side of boilers in good condition discuss EACH of the following:

(a) The mechanism of combustion, stating the factors which are important to good combustion;

(b) Oil fuel treatments;

(c) Soot removal equipment.

An auxiliary boiler water level control system has a differential pressure transmitter as the detecting element for water level.

(a) Sketch and describe such an arrangement.

(b) If the transmitter was damaged describe how a replacement unit would be calibrated.

(a) With the aid of a simple sketch, explain the "trouble spots" in a basic air-conditioning unit.

(b) With reference to your sketch, explain the following:-

(i) How the problem of increase in humidity of cooled air is overcome?

(ii) How discomfort caused by the excessive drying effect of heated air is overcome?

Describe, with the aid of sketches, a system of turbo-charging a two-stroke cycle main engine. State the routine attention, which should be given to the turbo-charger.

With reference to sea water cooled multi-tubular heat exchangers state

(a) the materials used for the construction of the tubes, tube plate, and water boxes.

(b) The various types of corrosion that the parts in (a) are subjected to.

(c) measures employed to reduce or prevent above corrosion.

What examinations must be carried out when a crosshead bearing of a large, slow-speed engine is opened up for survey?

With reference to reciprocating air compressors explain the cause of the following faults.

(a) Collapse of discharge valve springs,

(b) Breakage of plate valves,

(c) Overheating of the discharge air with an unrestricted air intake,

(d) Inoperative piston rings.

What is Metal-locking? What types of repairs are carried out by metal-locking? Describe the repair procedure using Metal-Locking.

With the aid of a simple sketch, explain the "trouble spots" in a basic air conditioning unit and with reference to your sketch, explain the following:

(a) How the problem of increase in humidity of cooled air is overcome?

(b) How discomfort caused by the excessive drying effect of heated air is overcome?

The LT cooler of the centralized cooling water system on your ship is showing poor performance. What measures you would initiate to rectify the problem and improve the performance.

Explain why auxiliary engine bottom-end bolts are prone to failure, even under normal running conditions. Identify those features, incorporated into the design of bottom-end bolts, to inhibit failure. Explain how this tendency is either aggravated or inhibited during maintenance and what checks are to be carried out.

Enumerate the maintenance routines carried out for the proper functioning of the following systems:

(a) Water hyper mist system.

(b) Smoke detection system.

(c) Quick closing Valves.

(d) Fire hydrants and hoses.

With reference to the exhaust gas boiler of your ship explain the following:

(a) Composition and reasons of soot deposits.

(b) Various stages of soot fire leading to high temperature fire.

(c) Procedure to be followed for firefighting under different stages of soot fire.

(d) Actions required prior to dry running of an exhaust gas boiler.

If soon after joining a motor ship, you found a number of holding down bolts slack and fretting to have occurred in the area of slack bolts describe how you would handle the situation?

During the past four months since you joined the ship as Second Engineer a number of main engine exhaust valves have suffered cracking and corrosion at the seating faces. Write a report to the Superintendent Engineer covering the following points:

(a) An explanation detailing how the problem becomes evident.

(b) Your action upon recognizing the extent and seriousness of the problem.

(c) Your reasoned views regarding the possible causes of the problem.

(d) Your recommendations to avoid future incidents.

Sketch and show all parts of two-stroke engine's Stuffing box. Describe the procedure of in place (Without removing piston) overhauling two stroke engine's Stuffing box. Your answer should include all safety precautions taken and proper tools used during overhaul of Stuffing box. (16)

Explain why auxiliary engine bottom-end bolts are prone to failure, even under normal running conditions. Identify those features, incorporated into the design of bottom-end bolts, to inhibit failure. Explain how this tendency is either aggravated or inhibited during maintenance and what checks are to be carried out. (16)

(a) Describe how it is determined whether a crankshaft was twisted during a major “smash up" in a main engine. (4)

(b) Explain where twisting is most likely to occur. (4)

(c) Specify with reasons the degree of twisting that might be accommodated without correction. (4)

(d) Explain briefly what adjustments and precautions should be instituted when putting an engine with a twisted crankshaft back into service. (4)

Under Continuous Survey of Machinery, the crosshead bearing of a large slow speed engine is due for survey.

(a) Explain the procedure involved in the inspection of a cross-head bearing. (6)

(b) List the precaution to be taken. (4)

(c) Indicate the reasons for possible defects which could be encountered and state how they may be rectified. (3)

(d) What test are carried out on completion of survey and reassembly. (3)

Describe how a jerk type of fuel pump is replaced, making specific reference to initial setting and governor connections. Explain how the actual and effective strokes are adjusted. Identify the common faults of these pumps. State how engine performance is affected by each of these faults and why prompt attention is necessary. (16)

Following a recent turbocharger (T/C) overhaul, it has been observed that the scavenge air pressure is lower than before, and the engine power output has also been reduced.

(a) State the possible causes of the problem with reasons. (5)

(b) State the engine operational information that should be gathered to detect the possible causes of the problem, along with reasons for each type of information. (5)

(c) State the instructions which should be issued with respect to future T/C overhauls in order to prevent similar incidents. (6)

Sewage treatment plant is due for internal inspection. List the detailed procedure for carrying out this inspection with the specific checks to be carried out as per OEM instructions after it is stopped and emptied. Also discuss the safety precautions to be taken in your answer. (16)

Explain the thermodynamic cycle involved in the air conditioning system on board a ship, detailing the key components and their functions. Additionally, describe the unloading and loading mechanisms used in the system to maintain efficiency and manage varying cooling loads. (16)

(a) What is the working principle of a plate type cooler on a ship, and what are its main components? How does it differ from other types of heat exchangers used on ships? (6)

(b) What materials are commonly used for the packing in plate type coolers on board ships, and how do these materials impact the efficiency and durability of the cooler? (5)

(c) Describe the process of back flushing a plate type cooler on a ship. Why is back flushing important, and what potential issues can it prevent or mitigate. (5)

(a) Sketch and describe the construction and working principle of an air starting valve used in a two-stroke main engine. (10)

(b) Discuss common faults associated with air starting valves, their possible consequences, and maintenance or safety measures taken to ensure reliable operation. (6)

(a) Explain the purpose and working principle of the Load Dependent Cooling System (LDCS) in a two-stroke main engine. With the help of a diagram, describe how the system varies cooling water flow with engine load. (10)

(b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a load dependent cooling system over a conventional constant flow cooling system. What issues may arise if the system malfunctions, and how are they addressed? (6)

With reference to the Crosshead of Large two-stroke engines:

(a) Explain how crosshead and guide shoe clearances are checked, in large 2 stroke engines (8)

(b) Explain how crosshead alignment is checked and adjusted. (8)

(a) Describe the different types of cams used in marine main engines. Explain their functions and how the cam profile affects the operation of exhaust valves, fuel pumps, and starting air systems. (10)

(b) What is a negative cam? Explain its purpose, constructional features, and where it is typically used in main engine. (6)

Describe briefly the methods of carrying out a bend test and an impact test. Illustrate the general form of the test pieces used and state how the final results are given for comparison of different materials. Of what practical use are the figures obtained. (16)

(a) Describe the inspection, which is required to be carried out in the dry-dock after the stern of a ship has heavily struck a dock wall. (8)

(b) The propeller is found to be damaged, and it is decided to fit the spare propeller. Describe the process and mention the precautions to be taken to ensure correct assembly. (8)

During the overhaul of medium-speed auxiliary diesel generator you find that the white metal of one of the bottom end bearings has cracked. Explain how you would fit a spare bearing and enumerate the various tests you would carry before putting the machine back into service. (16)

With reference to the exhaust gas boiler of your ship explain the following: (16)

(a) Composition and reasons of soot deposits.

(b) Various stages of soot fire leading to high temperature fire.

(c) Procedure to be followed for firefighting under different stages of soot fire.

(d) Actions required prior to dry running of an exhaust gas boiler.

(a) Describe the routine and preventive maintenance procedures carried out on a plate-type cooler used on ships. Explain the steps involved in dismantling, inspection, cleaning, and reassembly of the plates. (8)

(b) Explain the procedure for detecting internal leakage in a plate-type cooler. What are the indications of leakage during operation, and how can they be confirmed during maintenance? (4)

(c) Describe the backflushing procedure for a plate-type cooler. When is it recommended, and how does it help in maintaining the efficiency of the heat exchanger? (4)

Express your reactions and state the subsequent investigation you would make if a laboratory report on a used diesel engine oil sample indicated the presence of appreciable amounts of: (16)

(a) Iron

(b) Copper, Antimony and Tin

(c) Silicon

(a) During an inspection it is noticed that tie rods of certain main engine units have become slack, state with reasons the possible cause of this. (5)

(b) Explain how correct tension is restored and the risk of future slackness minimized (5)

(c) A tie rod has fractured and cannot be replaced immediately, State with reasons the course of action to be adopted in order to allow the engine to be operated without further damage (6)

With reference to fixed CO2 system for fighting machinery space fires: (16)

(a) Sketch a CO2 bottled system

(b) How the number of CO2 bottles required for ship is calculated

(c) Explain how the system sketched in part (a) is protected from overpressure

(d) Describe the periodic maintenance required

(a) State the circumstances owing to which it may be necessary to renew an exhaust valve (5)

(b) Explain how the exhaust valve is removed and fitted back (6)

(c) State the important checks to be made on the engine before and after fitting the exhaust valve (6)

(a) Describe THREE different patterns of tube used in exhaust gas boilers. (4)

(b) Give reasons why a tube is condemned. (4)

(c) Describe how it is replaced by a spare tube. (4)

(d) Suggest with reasons the possible consequences of allowing an exhaust gas boiler to run dry during full power operation of the main engine. (4)

(a) Sketch an outboard type of oil seal suitable for oil filled stern tube indicating the principal component. (5)

(b) Explain how the seal compensated for wear of the seal face maintains oil tightness. (4)

(c) What is the effect of seawater contamination of stern tube oil and how contamination risk can be reduced? (3)

(d) State the physical properties required for the bearing material in oil filled stern tube. (4)

For a fully automatic provisions refrigeration system incorporating a number of rooms

(a) Explain how each room temperature is set (4)

(b) Describe the sequence of events following a demand for increased refrigerant flow from one room (4)

(c) State with reasons the devices incorporated into the system to protect the machinery and equipment against malfunction (4)

(d) State how satisfactory operation of the plant can be established? (4)

As a second engineer, list out all the hazards identified with regard to cylinder head lifting job during main engine overhaul. explain how you carry out risk assessment for above mentioned job. (16)

Discuss the causes of corrosion in seawater pipelines on ships and the methods used to prevent it. Explain in detail the systems implemented for corrosion prevention. (16)

(a) What are the various types of corrosion that can occur in auxiliary boilers on ships? Describe each type, including its causes, symptoms, and potential consequences. (8)

(b) Describe the preventive measures and maintenance practices that can be implemented to mitigate corrosion and ensure the efficiency of the auxiliary boiler. (8)

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting the following policies for maintenance of main and auxiliary diesel engines. (16)

(a) Planned maintenance;

(b) Condition monitoring;

(c) Periodic replacement of components,

(d) Break down maintenance.

Sketch and describe the arrangement of a main engine camshaft chain. Describe the repair procedure following fracture of one chain link during operation of the engine. Give possible reasons for the failure and explain how the chain is set initially at the correct degree of tension. (16)

(a) Describe how a main engine fuel pump would be set and checked for: (6)

(i) Timing;

(ii) Quantity

(b) Explain how a setting of a variable injection timing fuel pump is checked and adjusted. (5)

(c) State why it be necessary to adjust the settings of a variable injection timed fuel pump. (5)

(a) Describe the events leading to a crankcase explosion (3)

(b) How is overheating indicated other than by a mist detector (3)

(c) How is severity of a crankcase explosion controlled (5)

(d) Discuss the action required when overheating is indicated (5)

(a) Sketch and describe a pneumatic control system for controlling temperature of main engine lubricating oil at outlet of the cooler (6)

(b) Explain why air supplied to a pneumatic control system must be free from dust and water (4)

(c) Describe how above impurities are removed (4)

(d) State the possible consequences if the air supply is contaminated (2)

(a) Give reasons why cracks occasionally develop in large piston crown. State to what extent this cracking is considered of consequence. (8)

(b) State how it is dealt with in the following instances - Fine hairline, Localised and shallow crack. (8)

Recent experience has shown persistence damage occurring on seating faces of main engine exhaust valve, which is not confined to any particular unit

(a) State with reason the possible causes. (6)

(b) State the short-term action to be taken to minimize engine operational problem (5)

(c) State with reason how future incident of this nature could be minimized (5)

(a) If soon after joining as a second engineer on a motor vessel, you observed that number of holding down bolts are slack, and fretting has occurred around slack holding down bolts. Describe what actions do you take. (8)

(b) Explain the correct procedure for checking the holding down bolts' tightness. (8)

(a) What are the various types of corrosion that can occur in auxiliary boilers on ships? Describe each type, including its causes, symptoms, and potential consequences. (8)

(b) Describe the preventive measures and maintenance practices that can be implemented to mitigate corrosion and ensure the efficiency of the auxiliary boiler. (8)

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting the following policies for maintenance of main and auxiliary diesel engines. (16)

(a) Planned maintenance;

(b) Condition monitoring;

(c) Periodic replacement of components,

(d) Break down maintenance.

Sketch and describe the arrangement of a main engine camshaft chain. Describe the repair procedure following fracture of one chain link during operation of the engine. Give possible reasons for the failure and explain how the chain is set initially at the correct degree of tension. (16)

(a) Describe how a main engine fuel pump would be set and checked for: (6)

(i) Timing;

(ii) Quantity

(b) Explain how a setting of a variable injection timing fuel pump is checked and adjusted. (5)

(c) State why it be necessary to adjust the settings of a variable injection timed fuel pump. (5)

(a) Describe the events leading to a crankcase explosion (3)

(b) How is overheating indicated other than by a mist detector (3)

(c) How is severity of a crankcase explosion controlled (5)

(d) Discuss the action required when overheating is indicated (5)

(a) Sketch and describe a pneumatic control system for controlling temperature of main engine lubricating oil at outlet of the cooler (6)

(b) Explain why air supplied to a pneumatic control system must be free from dust and water (4)

(c) Describe how above impurities are removed (4)

(d) State the possible consequences if the air supply is contaminated (2)

(a) Give reasons why cracks occasionally develop in large piston crown. State to what extent this cracking is considered of consequence. (8)

(b) State how it is dealt with in the following instances - Fine hairline, Localised and shallow crack. (8)

Recent experience has shown persistence damage occurring on seating faces of main engine exhaust valve, which is not confined to any particular unit

(a) State with reason the possible causes. (6)

(b) State the short-term action to be taken to minimize engine operational problem (5)

(c) State with reason how future incident of this nature could be minimized (5)

(a) If soon after joining as a second engineer on a motor vessel, you observed that number of holding down bolts are slack, and fretting has occurred around slack holding down bolts. Describe what actions do you take. (8)

(b) Explain the correct procedure for checking the holding down bolts' tightness. (8)

Under Continuous survey of machinery (CSM) bottom end bearing of a large 2-stroke slow speed engine is due for survey.

(a) As second engineer, Explain the procedure involved in complete inspection of a bottom end bearing (6)

(b) List the precaution to be taken (2)

(c) Indicate the reasons for possible defects which could be encountered and state how they can be rectified (4)

(d) What tests are carried out on completion of survey and re-assembly. (4)